Author: Shodmanova, Sanobar

Annotation: This article analyzes the formation, development, and transformation of the press system in the Ottoman Empire between 1831 and 1923, examining these developments in close connection with the historical processes of the era. The study highlights the emergence of early official and private publications, the social functions of the press during the Tanzimat reforms, censorship policies under Abdulhamid II, the rise of a politically active press linked to the Young Turk movement, and the role of the press in modernization, the development of national consciousness, the women's issue, and the shaping of public opinion. Furthermore, the article provides a scholarly examination of the process by which the Ottoman press evolved from a mere vehicle for official information into a platform for socio-political discourse.

Keywords: Ottoman Empire, press, periodicals, Tanzimat, *Takvim-i Vekayi*, *Ceride-i Havadis*, *Tercüman-ı Ahvâl*, *Tasvir-i Efkâr*, Abdulhamid II, censorship, Young Turks, modernization, public opinion, political discourse, women's issue.

Pages in journal: 4 - 15