Author: Кутбидинов, Ф.

Annotation: The article analyzes the ethnocultural diversity of Afghanistan and its impact on modernization processes. Special attention is paid to the Pashtuns, Tajiks, and Hazaras, their linguistic, religious, and social characteristics, as well as to the norms of Pashtunwali, which shape the insularity of the Pashtun community. It is shown that the dominance of ethnic, tribal, and confessional identities hinders the formation of a stable national supra-identity, which is necessary for modernization. The fragmented structure of identities is identified as a key constraint on political and social consolidation in Afghanistan.

Keywords: Afghanistan, ethnic groups, Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Pashtunwali, ethnic identity, supra-identity, modernization, statehood, ethnopolitics.

Pages in journal: 217 - 222