Author: Koraboyev, Murodjon

Annotation: This article investigates the socio-political preconditions, structural dynamics, and historical consequences of the Constitutional Movement in Iran during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing upon an analysis of internal governance failures and external geopolitical pressures, the study demonstrates how the systemic crisis of the Qajar state – characterized by fiscal disorder, judicial dysfunction, centralized despotism, and the progressive erosion of economic sovereignty through foreign concessions – generated the conditions from which a broad-based constitutional movement emerged. The article further examines the multi-stage character of the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911, the role of merchants, clergy, and intellectuals as its principal social constituencies, and the foundational significance of the 1906 Constitution and the establishment of the Majlis. Special attention is devoted to the formation of Iran's first political parties and civic organizations, which laid the institutional groundwork for parliamentary culture and political pluralism. The study concludes that the Constitutional Movement, despite its incomplete realization, constitutes a defining episode in Iranian political modernization and a durable reference point for subsequent struggles over constitutionalism, sovereignty, and the rule of law.

Keywords: Iran, Qajar dynasty, Constitutional Movement, Constitutional Revolution, Majlis, constitutionalism, rule of law, political parties, civil society, Iranian modernization.

Pages in journal: 396 - 401